Patricia Benner - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1063 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category People Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Character Essay Did you like this example? Patricia Benner: The Theory of Nursing Laniece C. Leon Chamberlain College of Nursing CCN 100: Success Seminar Patricia Benner: The Theory of Nursing Dr. Patricia Benner is a very accomplished nursing theorist. She was born on May 10, 1955 to parents Ethel and Donald Brushett (www. yahoo. com). She went to Pasadena College and received her BSN. She then received her Master’s Degree in Medical Surgical Nursing from the University of California, San Francisco and went to get her Ph. D. in Stress, Coping and Health from the University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Benner is currently a professor of nursing in the Department of Social and Behavioral Nursing at the University of California, San Francisco. She has written nine books, and received many awards for her accomplishments. She is an internationally known researcher and lecturer on health, stress and coping, skill acquisition and ethics and has had great influence on the world of nursing. Theory Dr. Benner introdu ced the theory that expert nurses develop skills and understanding of patient care over time through a sound educational base and a multitude of experiences. The premise of this theory is that the development of knowledge on applied disciplines such as medicine and nursing is composed of the extension of practical knowledge through research and understanding the â€Å"know-how† of clinical experience. It states that nursing requires procedural or scientific knowledge, techne, and the advancement of knowledge through practice and experience, phronesis. Before the publication of her most widely known book From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice, there was no real characterization of the learning process of nurses. Using a model called The Dreyfus Model of Skill and Acquisition developed by Stuart and Hubert Dreyfus and applying it to nursing, Dr. Benner developed a five-stage process that a nurse goes through on the journey to developing e xpertise in the field: The Novice Stage, The Advanced Beginner Stage, The Competent Stage, The Proficient Stage, and The Expert Stage. Each stage builds on the other as the nurse gains experience and learns. The Novice Stage According to Dr. Benner, a nurse in this stage is completely dependent on the rules or plans set forth by their instructor. They have very little situational perception and no discretionary judgment. Their instructors break down the task environment into â€Å"context-free† features that a beginning nurse can recognize without the having had any experience in the field of nursing. The instructor provides rules that the â€Å"novice† nurse needs to use in order to draw a conclusion or determine the action necessary based on the facts of the situation that can be recognized without prior experience. A â€Å"novice† nurse exhibits â€Å"rule-governed behavior† which leads the nurse to be limited and inflexible. Due to their lack of experience, the nurse tends to have a â€Å"Just tell me what to do and I’ll do it† attitude. The Advanced Beginner Stage As the nurse progresses from the novice stage to the advanced beginner stage they acquire experience from their work. At this stage they are able to use the rules and plans illustrated by their instructors in conjunction with their practical or situational experience to help them increase their skill level. More features of a situation become recognizable for nurse based upon their experiences which allows them to be able to anticipate certain elements of a situation. The down side is that the â€Å"advanced beginner† nurse can feel overwhelmed. Their situational perception is still a bit limited so they treat all aspects of the situation separately and with equal importance. As more things become recognizable, more rules are introduced that apply to each situation making things more difficult. The Competent Stage At this stage, the nu rse learns that in order to feel less overwhelmed with the potential relevant elements of a situation, they need to devise a plan or a perspective that will help them determine what elements of a situation are important. A plan will help them determine what elements of a situation needs to be taken care of immediately and what elements can be ignored. â€Å"The competent performer must devise new rules and reasoning procedures for the chosen plan or perspective determination so that the learned rules for actions based on relevant facts can then be applied. ()Because there are so many different situation that directly named or defined, the â€Å"competent† nurse has to decide for themselves what plan to use for each situation even if they’re not absolutely sure. â€Å"Prior to this stage, if the learned rules did not work out, the performer could rationalize that they he or she had not been given good enough rules rather than feel remorse because of a mistake. † () This can create a sense of responsibility that can be frightening for the nurse. However it can also give the nurse a sense of accomplishment when the outcome is in their favor. By the time the nurse is ready to move to the next stage of development, he or she â€Å"can now better predict immediately likely events and needs of patients and plan for them. †() The Proficient Stage In this stage, the nurse becomes less overwhelmed as they are able to more readily see a situation as a whole rather than in separate aspects. Their decision process is less perplexing because their plan for the situation has become a part of their intuition. Actions become easier and less stressful as the learner simply sees what needs to be achieved rather than deciding†() The Expert Stage At this stage, the nurse no longer uses rules or guidelines to gear their actions. They now have an intuitive grasp of the situation which allows them to be more fluid and flexible in their responses. They let their now long grown experience guide them. In times where an â€Å"expert† nurse has diagnosed a situation in the wrong way they can revert back breaking down the situation into aspects to get a better handle on the situation. For they most part, though, they are able to see the situation and do what needs to be done based on what has previously worked for them in past experiences. References Benner, P. , Chelsa, C. , Tanner C. (2009). Expertise in Clinical Practice: Caring, Clinical Judgment, and Ethics. Jones, Moniaree Parker. (2007). Nursing Expertise: A Look at Theory and the LNCC Certification Exam. Journal of Legal Nurse Consulting, 18(2), 12-15. PATRICIA BENNER: THE THEORY OF NURSING Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Patricia Benner" essay for you Create order

Com/150 Expository Essay-Language in the United States

Language in the United States Salima R. Smith COM/150 February 14, 2010 Instructor: Justi Glaros Diversity in America in not just limited to a persons ethnic background or religion, language also can separate a group of people. Ever since the first European settlers inhabited America and intergraded with Native Americas there was a language barrier. Today, although English is the language spoken by the majority of people in America, those language barriers are still present. These barriers can be seen in the obvious matter, different types of languages spoken, and also in a less noticeable matter, different dialects with in a language. Even with these barriers, man has overcome these differences and created a bridge for the gaps†¦show more content†¦Now, within these countries many languages could be spoken, but there is one official national language. In America, there is no such thing. There is absolutely no official language. This also adds to the great divide also commonly known as the language barrier. There has been an ongoing debate about whether or not English should be identified as the official language of America. To this day, that debate continues, and I believe that it always will. The reason (in my opinion) that English will never the official language of America is because the European settlers who landed in America did not found this country, they did not create this country and most of all, the language that they brought to this country was indeed foreign. There is also a type of language spoken in America that is widely discussed and often imitated throughout the world. It is American Slang. Depending on who you ask, some will say that slang is a result of English that was broken by slaves transported to America. Some will say that slang is a result of adolescents in America being rebellious towards their elders. Either way, there is a new form of slang added to each generation. As time passes, that slang becomes common and an acceptable (grammatically) part of the English language. In the 1930’s jazz musician Les ter Young popularized the word â€Å"cool† and acknowledged it as a description for his music. During those times, any young person who used that word

Vice free essay sample

What are the positive and active effects on children and society they live in? 2013-1-19 Caring for children is important in any society. All parents should be required to take childcare courses. TO what extent do you agree or disagree? 201 3-2-2 Some people think watching TV is bad for children, while others think that watching TV has more beneficial effects on children. Discuss both sides and glee your own pollen. 201 3-2-14 Some people think young people should be free to choose his or her job , but other people think they should be realistic and think more about their future. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 201 3-2-16 Some people think all lawbreakers should be put into prison, while others believe that there are better alternatives. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. NAGY?N KHZ?C Ethic 201 3-2-23 Not enough students choose science subjects in universities in many countries. What are the reasons and what are the effects to the society? 201 3-3-2 Universities and colleges are now offering qualifications through distance learning from the Internet rather than teachers in the classroom.Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages? 201 3-3-9 Some people believe that studying in a college or university is the best way or students to prepare for their future career. Others think they should leave school as soon as possible to develop their career through work experience. 201 3-3-14 Some people believe that when designing a building, the most important thing to be considered is the function rather than the outward appearance. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 201 3-3-23 Human society has made great technological progress in the last hundred years.Some people think this also has negative effects on our life. To what 201 34_6 One hundred years ago, some people believed that human race would make continuous progress in all areas of life. Today, people feel less certain about this. In what areas do you think the most important progress has been made? In what areas does more need to be done? 201 3-4-13 As countries develop, their populations tend to live individually or in small family units. What are the causes of this trend and what are the effects on society?NAGY?N KHZ?c HTHc 2 201 3-4-18 Some people claim that it is acceptable to use animals in medical research for the benefit of human beings, while other people argue that it is wrong. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 201 34_27 Some people think that older school children should learn a wide range of objects to acquire more knowledge, while other people believe they should learn a small number of subjects in details. Discuss both views and give your opinions. 201 3-5-1 1 In many countries, the quality of life in large cities is becoming worse. What are the causes for this problem?What measures do you think should be taken to tackle this problem? 201 3-5-1 6 People are surrounded by all kinds of advertising. Some people believe that advertising has a negative effect on peoples lives. To what extent do you agree or disagree ? 201 3-5-1 8 Some people think it is important for all children to learn history in school. Others believe that other subjects are more relevant to childrens lives today. 201 3-5-25 Some people believe that government money should be spent on important things rather than arts such as painting and music. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 01 3-6-6 Some people think that the government should offer financial support and care to old people, while others think that people should save money for their future life. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. NAGY?N KHZ?c HTHc 3 201 3-6-8 Nowadays some countries encourage people to buy more and more products, while others believe it has negative effects on the society. To what extent do you agree or disagree ? 201 3-6-15 Some people think family has the most powerful influence on childrens development. Others , however, believe that other things have greater effects. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 201 3-6-22 Some people think secondary school students should learn international news as one of their subjects, while others believe that this is a waste of valuable time. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 18/05/201 3: Some people think that children should be taught history at school. Others refute this by suggesting that schools should teach children subjects that are elevate to their latter life. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 25/05/201 3: Some people think that the governments spent money on artists would be better than on more important things. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 1 5/06/201 3: Some people think that families have the most powerful influence on a childs development, while others think other factors such as television, friend, music, etc have biggest effects. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 22/6/2013 4 Tourism is excellent way to the development of a country but it might harm. In what way countries ensure that tourism benefits their development? 3/07/2013 in KICK: Some people believe that robots are very important for humans future development.Others argue that the invention of robots has negative effects on society. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 03/08/201 3. People in big cities prefer to live alone or in small family units instead of large family groups. Do you think this is positive or negative trend? 7/08/2013 In some countries, students must pay tuition for university and college. In some others, government pay it. Do the advantages of using government money for universities and colleges outweigh the disadvantages? 9/08/201 3 Scientists believe that computers will become more intelligent than human beings.Some people find it a positive development while others think it is negative development. Discuss both points and give your own opinion. 07/09/201 3: Some people think that nuclear energy is better than other source of power for meeting overstraining global needs. To what extent do you agree? 03/08/201 3 In many countries today, people in big cities either live alone or in small family units, rather than in large, extended family groups. Is this a positive or a negative trend? 5 21/09/2013 Throughout history, people have dreamed about perfect society, but they have not agreed what an ideal society is.What do you think the most important elements to have perfect society in modern world? How people can achieve an ideal society? 12/10/2013 Economic progress is one way to measure a countrys success. Some people believe that there are other factors should be considered when measuring the success of a country. What are the other factors? Do u think there is a factor that more important than the others? 26/10/201 3: A rise in the standard of living in a country often only seem to benefits cities rather than rural areas. What problems might this differences cause?

Zorba the Greek free essay sample

According to Epicureanism you cease to be with your death, this is a thread of thought further developed by Freidrich Nietzsche (1884-1900), one of Kazantzakis greatest influences. The word Dionysian originated from Dionysus, the Greek god of wine. Dionysian nature is prominently associated with music and dance, and giving emotions free reign. These two philosophies are closely associated since both find great merit in happiness and are found to have been controversial. One reason for this is our tendency to discard pleasure as a moral good; we usually consider humility, wisdom, justice, and other virtues to be ethical. However, following the doctrines of Epicurus and Dionysus, behavior in pursuit of pleasure is the only life path that will assure an upright life. The protagonist of Kazantzakis novel, Zorba, is the embodiment of these values; through Zorba the reader obtains a better understanding of these concepts. Zorba’s personification is seen through his expression of emotion, his challenging death, his tendency to live in the moment and his love of the santuri and dance. We will write a custom essay sample on Zorba the Greek or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Epicureanism is characterized by the drive to do things solely because you want to. This notion is first introduced very early in the novel: â€Å"Can’t a man do anything without a why? (Kazantzakis, 10) says Zorba. Later when speaking of his latest engagement as a miner, he says â€Å"simply because I felt like it† (10) when explaining why he left the mine. Zorba simply does things for the sake of doing them and not for a predetermined gain, because doing these things brings him pleasure. By questioning whether men are able to â€Å"do anything without a why† he sheds light on the human predisposition to do things only because it will give them an advantage. The interesting choice of the diction â€Å"harum-scarum† (127) accurately defines Zorba, Epicureanism and Dionysianism. Zorba uses this phrase to describe how his recklessness ncreases with age. â€Å"Harum-scarum† is defined as being a daredevil and lacking responsibility. This would mean t hat you are not worried about the past or the future or the consequences your actions may have, and are ultimately doing what makes you happy. This definition of â€Å"harum-scarum† can be extended to include giving your emotions free reign or being reckless with your emotions. Someone who is â€Å"harum-scarum† is someone who does not think of the consequences of allowing emotions to control their actions. The other significant aspect of Epicureanism is the indifference toward death; according to Epicureanism there is no after life. Freidrich Nietzsche believed humanity should work to enhance the life of the individual and focus on the realities of the present world. Zorba consistently contemplates death; he brings up something an elderly man once said to him â€Å"My son, I carry on as if I should never die† (35) and then counters it with his own view, â€Å"And I carry on as if I was to die any minute† (35). These two statement are essentially opposite but they lead to the same thing: you should be bold, live life to its fullest, and ignore death; because if you spend your life anticipating it, you would have missed out on all the days preceding it. It is better to experience one moment fully than to live a whole life incompletely, which is what a man of true Epicurean and Dionysian nature would do. On the final page of the novel there is a striking manifestation of Zorba’s Epicurean and Dionysian nature. After speaking his last words, Zorba â€Å"brushed us all roughly aside, jumped up out of bed and went to the window. There, he gripped the frame, looked out far into the white mountains, opened wide his eyes and began to laugh, then to whinny like a horse. It was thus, standing, with his nails dug into the window frame, that death came to him. † (310) Even on his deathbed Zorba does what he felt like in the moment. Until the very end, Zorba fights against death by using his last strength to go to the window and passes away while looking out at the beauty of life. He dies strong, not weak; standing with his nails dug into the window frame and looking out with wide-open eyes create imagery of Zorba refusing death and laughing is seldom associated with a dying person. This underlines his particular temperament, to the end Zorba commits to the Epicurean and Dionysian values of total engagement in life. Zorba explains his use of dance as a tool to liberate himself, he says â€Å"Whenever I feel I’m choking with some emotion†¦I dance. And I feel better! † (72) To Zorba dance is an outlet for the emotions too intense to be expressed using words. He uses dance when he is in complete ecstasy, for example upon hearing Boss’ intentions for his enterprise in Crete; or when his negative emotions are too great to cope with, such as the grief over the death of his son. Zorba portrays the Dionysian way by choosing dance as his preferred medium of expression, since language is an inadequate tool for expressing his most extreme feelings. Zorba also uses dance to narrate what he is unable to say. When he was in Russia, he knew very little Russian and could not tell his story to a man who only spoke the language, so he danced it. â€Å"I danced my misfortunes; my travels; how many times I’d been married; the trades I’d learned †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (73) Since they are unable to communicate using words they found an alternative which allows both of them to explore deeper into the other’s story. Words are merely created by rational thought, whereas movement is something that is native to the body. This is a concept Dionysus personified. The emotions Zorba expresses through dance are too intense and insane to be expressed in words, which lead to the notion that Zorba gives his emotion free reign; he allows his emotions to control his dance and consequently also allows them to control his actions. Boss described Zorba’s dancing as â€Å" a soul†¦struggling to carry away his flesh† (70) and he fears that â€Å"Zorba might disappear into the clouds. (71) Zorba’s dance is so passionate that boss used heavenly imagery to describe it, since it is out of this world. The way Zorba throws himself into dance shows how he lives in the moment because to him there is no wrong time to dance; no matter the situation, he dances because he feels it is what he needs to do. Zorba plays the santuri for similar reasons as dancing. â€Å"I play the santuri and it cheers me up. When I’m playing, you can’t talk to me, I can’t hear and even if I hear, I can’t speak. (12) Zorba plays the santuri when he experiences great happiness or pain; since he is unable to hear or speak this shows how deeply rooted his emotions are, this leads us back to the concept of giving your emotions free reign. The reason why he cannot speak when playing the santuri is because he plays it when his emotions are too great to express using words, he simply cannot find the correct words to say and believes that he is saying it all with the music; this is a very Epicurean quality. His personification of the santuri shows his deep respect and love for it. He says â€Å"it doesn’t want to†¦ we mustn’t force it† (77) when Boss asks him to play something. He treats it like a woman, â€Å"†¦They drew out an old santuri†¦ those big fingers caressed it, slowly, passionately, all over as if caressing a woman† (13) These quote displays the deep love Zorba has for the musical instrument; they illustrate how Zorba treats it, as sensually as if it were a conscious being. His respect for the santuri demonstrates how highly he values it. Upon elaboration this also means that he deeply values music, and music is an important aspect of Dionysian life. Epicureanism deems active enjoyment as life’s highest good and disregards death. Dionysianism believes in giving emotions free reign and highly value music and dance. Zorba exemplifies these concepts through his expression of emotion, love of the santuri and dance, tendency to live in the moment, and by challenging death. Nikos Kazantzakis’ incarnation of Epicurean and Dionysian values in Zorba the Greek allows the reader to gain a better understanding of these concepts. Epicureanism and Dionysianism are two separate philosophical ideas that have greatly influenced Nikos Kazantzakis in his writing.

A Christmas Memory and Money Essays

A Christmas Memory and Money Essays A Christmas Memory and Money Essay A Christmas Memory and Money Essay Essay Topic: A Christmas Carol Money can buy a lot of things but it cannot buy good health, respect, love, inner peace etc as these only come from good principles. A person can have million in his bank account but still feel poor because he is not content with his life, more money gives him only minimal satisfaction. Security come from within from knowing that what you have is enough for you to be happy, it comes from believing in your self. All of us tend to think that happiness comes from outside i. . through money. A short story that supports this notion is A Christmas Memory by Truman Capote it is the tory of a child who does not get anything for Christmas except handed down and worn out except for a kite but he is still satisfied and goes out to fly it. In another instance was when the family was offered money for a new Christmas tree but they refused it believing that their old tree was more precious and nothing could replace it. Both these examples reflect the importance of contentment and satisfaction over money. First and foremost, money is a medium of exchange. You use it to buy things. No one can live without money. We need to buy food and many basic necessities of life which are impossible to be bought without money. A rich man is seen in the society with respect and people around carry an honorable position for that man whereas a poor person is seen by people with the eyes of hatred and they do not poses a good impression. Mostly all of us try to be as rich as others and compete in this modern age, but only a few people are able to fulfill their dreams about being a millionaire, The importance of money becomes very clear when a person has no money, Money for a poor person is everything, it becomes very important for him to earn so that he can fulfill his basic needs. However, recently everyone has become consumption oriented. We want to buy anything that is new on the market and catches our interest and we are falling prey to the attractive packaging and advertisiments of a product. Thus we buy things that we have little need for which in turn makes us want more money. Money enables us to afford a better quality of life; more money means bigger and better houses and cars, better quality products, better entertainment etc. Another advantage is less stress in paying bills and other household expenses. Money may also allow a person to persue his dreams, for example a person who wants to attain higher education may not be able to without money. Literature also supports this in many places, one such example is where Charles Dickens in another Novel A Christmas Carol'[2] shows how love is pushed aside for money. This happens when young Ebenzer Scrooge had made a promise to a girl Belle to provide for her, however Belle chooses a crooked businessman Jacob as he offers her a quick gain of fortune to the girl. A number of quotations from the book the great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald[3] also highlight the importance of money. One such quote mentioned the effect that money has on Gatsby when he is unable to even speak in front of Daisy Buchnan as he gets intimidated by her wealth. This shows how wealth encompasses every aspect of our lives, so much so that it even reflects in the voice and mannerisms of a person. Another description from the same book is about a character Tom whose wealth has given him a lot of power. It allows him to treat others how ever he likes and his elitist nature also makes him power. Money may be a motivator it influences human activity from geological exploration to politics. Money itself may not be evil, it is the greed for money that becomes the root of evil. Despite popular arguments I believe that money does not make the world go around. we have created the monster and allowed it to take over and control our lives. 4]Even though money does have some importance in our lives as every aspect of our lives revolves around money, but if we tried to be content with less we may not face such dependency. The variety of products that we are faced with makes it very difficult for us to be content with what we have. We have made money so central to our lives that we place it above life and even happiness. This never ending pursuit of money has made the society a selfish one . People forget that there are many things that money cant buy. A Chinese proverb summarizes this argument very well by saying that money can buy a house but it cannot make a home, that it can not buy time, sleep knowledge, health, respect and a good life only the material aspects can be bought but not ones that come from within. Stephen R. Covey in his book seven habits of highly effective people also mentions that some of us tend to be centered around money and so our sense of security and happiness is directly related to how much money we have and since its human nature to never be satisfied with what one has he is likely to remain unhappy most of the time. Even a huge increase in wealth is unlikely to satisfy such a person. For this purpose we need to alter our centres to what we really want at the end of our lives. Money can buy a lot of things but it cannot buy good health, respect, love, inner peace etc as these only come from good principles. A person can have million in his bank account but still feel poor because he is not content with his life, more money gives him only minimal satisfaction. Security come from within from knowing that what you have is enough for you to be happy, it comes from believing in your self. All of us tend to think that happiness comes from outside i. e. through money. A short story that supports this notion is A Christmas Memory by Truman Capote it is the story of a child who does not get anything for Christmas except handed down and worn out except for a kite but he is still satisfied and goes out to fly it. In another instance was when the family was offered money for a new Christmas tree but they refused it believing that their old tree was more precious and nothing could replace it. Both these examples reflect the importance of contentment and satisfaction over money.

What Made Us Americans essays

What Made Us Americans essays As an American citizen, have you ever given any thought of the land that your standing on? Do you know as an American, you give part of yourself to this nations character? Well, you do. For several intellectual generations, a dispute has raged over the concept of the frontier, as articulated by Fredrick Jackson Turner in 1893. He posed his belief that the American frontier was at the root of American exceptionalism. The result is that to the frontier the American intellect owes its striking characteristics (Turner, 549). The Frontier created a new exceptional person- an American. He promoted that the American character was shaped by the continuous confrontations Americans had with an ever changing frontier that moved civilization westward. Turners conclusion about American characteristics is not because of the frontier, but of the American people who have accomplished many people dreams and made American what it is today. Turners thesis is useless as a guide for the presen t and future, because the Frontier did not make American and its people exceptional. The frontier can be used objectively to gain a knowledge about the history and process of western expansion. But many Americans would not admit to say that they are proud of what our people did to the early settlers (Indians). American Frontier experience has been involved its own environment problems, contacts with Indians, and economic and social organization. Long before the white man set foot on American soil, the American Indians, or rather the Native Americans, had been living on this land. When the Europeans came here, there were probably 10 million Indians north of present-day Mexico and they had been living here for quite some time. So, when the Europeans started to arrive in the 16th- and 17th-century they were met by Native Americans. It was the Europeans' cultural arrogance, coupled with their ...

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP BY EXECUTIVES Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP BY EXECUTIVES - Case Study Example This involves turning strategy into needed outcomes and behaviours, conveying these goals, evaluating progress, giving feedback, and empowering the workforce (Ashby & Miles, 2002) through performance-driven incentives and penalties. Studies show that several organisations remain dependent on conventional performance determinants. Conventional tools of performance determinants intended for the economy of the industrial period, which puts emphasis on physical assets and financial strategies, are now incapable of coping with the dynamic business environment (Ashby & Miles, 2002). Hence, there is a movement away from conventional ideas so as to address the intricacy and ever-changing business environment. According to Hagen and colleagues (1998), some of the challenges CEOs face today in relation to performance determinants are great expectations from stakeholders, demands from and threat of global and local competitors, adoption of sophisticated production technology, and demands for premium and dependable products/services from consumers. In the meantime, organisational performance can also be threatened by sub-units within an organisation making decisions which are incompatible. An organisation structure, which can be either decentralised or centralised, has considerable effect on the level of non-financial and financial strategies to be integrated into the performance measurement process (Ncube & Washburn, 2006). Usually one problem confronting an organisation is that different sub-units are taking part in the general process of decision making. Irreconcilable decisions can have varying consequences for each sub-unit. Acquiring consensus from all stakeholders is a constant problem. When a firm’s general strategy relies on the decisions of all its sub-units, as stated by Bass (2007), firm-wide support is needed. Large-scale strategic planning and assessment is critical. This planning has to focus on the

Presuasive abbreviated outline Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Presuasive abbreviated outline - Research Paper Example The New York State DMV states that a driver with a blood alcohol content of 0.08, just above the legal limit, is four times more likely to cause a traffic accident than when sober. Underage drinkers are at even higher risk, being three times more likely to be involved in a fatal alcohol-related crash. (NYSDMV) Therefore, it is vital that our justice system impose penalties to act as a deterrent to these behaviors, and be strict enough to convince drivers to think twice. However, after an analysis of the current legal situation with regard to DUI/DWI penalties, it becomes clear that the current punishments are too harsh for the crime. Preview Statement: In order to analyze the strictness of DUI and DWI laws, we will first look at the current laws on the books, how violations are determined, and finally the success of those laws. I. Current DUI Law A. Legal intoxication - BAC at or above 0.08 in all states. Is â€Å"pre se† law, a finding of BAC at the requisite level is conside red a violation regardless of circumstance (FindLaw DUI Basics) B. Zero tolerance laws (FindLaw DUI Basics) i. target drivers under 21 ii. range from any (above 0.0) to negligible (0.1-0.2) BAC iii. usually involve higher penalties, such as longer periods of license suspension (NYSDMV) C. Most states have penalties that increase with each offense (FindLaw DUI Basics) D.

Corporate Governance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Corporate Governance - Case Study Example Long term capital structures have been indicated to more advantages to the firm over short-term capital structure decisions (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson 97). Matters of equity and debt can also be well analyzed through the capital structure. Evidently, the capital structure would help prove useful in sustaining the interests of managerial agents and the firm owners. U.S.-based firms could integrate elements of the corporate governance practices to make better decisions by coming up with policies that will help their firms gain public trust. Additionally, US firms can improve the ethics of the firm, corporate governance and social responsibility (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson 317-23). In the event that the mangers are compelled to comply with the set regulations, then the level of ethics will be adhered to across the board. Having a strict code of conduct will allow for compliance of set standards and regulations. This means that all the decisions made will be done

Privacy-handling Techniques and Algorithms for Data Mining

Privacy-handling Techniques and Algorithms for Data Mining VIVEK UNIYAL ABSTRACT Data mining can extract a previously unknown patterns from vast collection of data. Nowadays networking, hardware and software technology are rapidly growing outstanding in collection of data amount. Organization are containing huge amount of data from many heterogeneous database in which private and sensitive information of an individual. In data mining novel pattern will be extracted from such data by which we can use for various domains in decision marketing. But in the data mining output there will be sensitive, private or personal information of a particular person can also be revealed. There will be some misuse of finding these types of information, and it can harm the data owner. So in distributed environment privacy is becoming an important issue in many applications of data mining. Techniques of Privacy preserving data mining (PPDM) are provide new direction to solve issues. By PPDM, we can find a valid data mining results without underlying data values learning. In this dissertation we have introduced two algorithms for privacy handling concern. One is k-anonymization in which information corresponding to any individual person in a release data cannot be distinguished from that of at least k-1 other individual persons whose information also appears in release data. In this algorithm we are achieving the k-anonimyzation some values must be suppressed or generalized in database. K-anonymity have record linkage attack mode and l-diversity can have attack mode of attribute linkage. KEYWORDS: Data Mining, Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Mining, Privacy handking, K-anonymization Algorithm, L-diversity. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to all the people who have extended their cooperation in various ways during my dissertation. It is my pleasure to acknowledge the help of all those individuals. First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my dissertation supervisor, Mr. Govind Kamboj without whom none of this would have been possible. He provided me always the essential direction and advice during the work. I am grateful to him to give a shape towards completion of my dissertation. Without his supervision and support, this work would not have been completed successfully in time. I am grateful to the President, Vice President, Chancellor, Vice Chancellor and Head of the Department of the Graphic Era University for providing an excellent environment for work with ample facilities and academic freedom. I would also like to thank the teaching and non-teaching staff for their valuable support during M.Tech. Last but not the least; I am grateful to all my teachers and friends for their cooperation and encouragement throughout completing this task. (Vivek Uniyal) M.Tech( Computer Science Engineering) TABLE OF CONTENTS CANDIDATES DECLERATION iii ABSTRACT iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix LIST OF FIGURES x 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Problem Statement 1 1.2 Overview 1 1.3 Advantages of data mining 3 1.4 Disadvantages of data mining 4 1.5 Why privacy-handling is required in data-mining 4 1.6 Motivation 6 1.7 Organization 4 2. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE SURVEY 7 3. METHODS AND METHODOLOGIES 13 3.1 Randomization method 13 3.2 Group based anonymization methods 14 3.2.1 K-Anonymity framework 14 3.2.2 Personalized privacy-preservation 15 3.2.3 Utility based privacy-preservation 15 3.2.4 Sequential releases 15 3.2.5 The l-diversity method 15 3.3 Distributed privacy-preserving data mining 16 3.4 Detailed description about K-anonymity and l-diversity 16 3.4.1 Data collection and Data publishing 16 3.4.2 Privacy Data publishing 17 3.4.3 Algorithm of k-anonimity 19 3.4.4 l-diversity 24 3.4.1.1 Lack of diversity 25 3.4.1.2 Strong background knowledge 25 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT 27 4.1 Introduction 27 4.2 Experimental result 27 4.2.1 Result of proposed k-anonymity and l-diversity 27 5. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 33 5.1 Conclusion 33 5.2 Scope for Future Work 33 PUBLICATION OUT OF THIS WORK 34 REFERENCES 35 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PPDP Privacy-preserving data publishing PPDMPrivacy-preserving data mining QID Quasi-Identifier LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Data mining a step included in the process of knowledge discovery 1 Figure 1.2 Typical data mining system architecture 2 Figure 1.3: Record Owner, Data Collection and Data Publishing 17 Figure 1.4: Hospital Database 18 Figure 1.5 Taxonomy tree for JOB, SEX, AGE (QID attributes) 20 Figure 1.6 Hospital table Original record in data base 21 Figure 1.7 Table of Sensitive record (Publishing data) 21 Figure 1.8 Table of External Data ppt table 22 Figure 1.9 Resulting data after linking the sensitive and ppl table 22 Figure 1.10 Research table (generalized with k-anonymous published data) 23 Figure 1.11 Extended table (For linking like generalized voter list) 23 Figure 1.12 For checking the k- anonymity 23 Figure 1.13 Result of linking the table research to extended 24 Figure 1.14 Hospital original data record Project 28 Figure 1.15 Comparing the Un-Generalized published and extended data tables 29 Figure 1.16 Comparing Generalized Extended and Sensitive table records 30 Figure 1.17 Table for k-anonymity and l-diversity 32 Figure 1.18 Plotting exact l-value and distinct l-diversity value in weka 33 Figure 1.19 Plotting exact l-value and entropy l-diversity value in weka 33

Law of Diminishing Returns :: essays papers

Law of Diminishing Returns The Law of diminishing returns is a key one in economics. It is used to explain many of the ways the economy works and changes. It is a relatively simple idea; spending and investing more and more in a product where one of the factors of production remains the same means the enterprise will eventually run out of steam. The returns will begin to diminish in the long run. If more fertilizer and better machinery are used on an acre of farmland, the yield will increase for a while but then begin to slow and become flat. A farmer can only get so much out of the land, and the more the farmer works, the harder it gets. The economic reason for diminishing returns of capital is as follows: When the capital stock is low, there are many workers for each machine, and the benefits of increasing capital further are great; but when the capital stock is high, workers already have plenty of capital to work with, and little benefit is to be gained from expanding capital further. For example, in a s ecretarial pool in which there are many more secretaries than computer terminals, each terminal is constantly being utilized and secretaries must waste time waiting for a free terminal. In this situation, the benefit in terms of increased output of adding extra terminals is high. However, if there are already as many terminals as secretaries, so that terminals are often idle and there is no waiting for a terminal to become available, little additional output can be obtained by adding yet another terminal. Another application for this law is in Athletics, for runners, their investment is the time and energy put into training and the yield is hopefully improved fitness. Early in their running careers or early in the training program a couple of weeks of regular training would be rewarded with a considerable increase in fitness. Having achieved a very fit state though, two weeks of regular training will achieve a barely perceptible increase in fitness.

Fast Food Restaurants Essay

Fast Food restaurants are great for the price at which one can obtain the food you want at a fast pace. With so many different food choices there are many opinions about the different varieties of food places and which one is the best. Chickfila, according to Business Insider’s, won the â€Å"best overall† category in the Business Insider’s fast food Reader’s choice awards over restaurants like Chipotle and McDonalds. I believe that Chickfila’s quality of food, their company, and the employees in the company is what makes Chickfila the best in the fast food industry. Chickfila is known for their quality of food. Compared to most fast food restaurants who used processed meat and sometimes their â€Å"meat† does not actually contain real beef or chicken. For example, Chickfila’s nuggets are whole meant and the chicken sandwiches are boneless, hand-breaded, and cooked in 100% peanut oil. Their waffle fries are different from other fast food restaurant which makes them unique and better. Also, their milkshakes make them stand out because of the homemade, handspun ice-dream, ice-cream; and Chickfila also offers seasonal flavors. Compared to most restaurants that have condiments like ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, BBQ, etc. Chickfila has an even wider variety of different condiments like honey BBQ, buffalo, Chickfila sauce, honey mustard, spicy mustard, and many different salad dressings. Lastly, food wise, another major thing Chickfila promotes is a healthier option. Though fast food in general isn’t healthy Chickfila offers a more specific menu to tend to a healthier diet. McDonalds for example, their Big Mac and Salad are no different in their healthiness. Chickfila over the past few years made healthy, healthier; they spent over $50 million dollars perfecting the grilled chicken recipe. Not only is the quality of food excellent compared to other fast food franchises but the company and their policies exceed great expectations. One  unique thing about Chickfila is they are closed on Sundays for rest and worship. Though people that run Chickfila do not have to be Christian but they are required to have: humility, passion for service, compassion, and geniuses. Chickfila exemplifies great character and has an â€Å"everyone welcome† policy which occurred because of a comment Dan Cathy, the CEO of Chickfila made, about gay/homosexuality, but he apologized for these comments and said that everyone is welcome. Chickfila is known for its high quality food, great company values and lastly the employees that work there. Most fast food restaurants are about speed but Chickfila is all about being swift and assertive. There manners are exquisite and make you feel helped and welcomed when they say â€Å"my pleasure† after you have been helped. Another reason their people and company are better than most fast food places is because they spend around $1million dollars every year evaluation service and do quarterly phone survives with customers in exchange for a free chicken sandwich. Though I assume most restaurants also do these kinds of surveys, Chickfila is really the only one I have seen effort and change and promotion of what people are saying. The employee’s standards are held higher standard which focuses on â€Å"servant leadership†. Chickfila is the best fast food restaurant in the fast food enterprises because of their high quality fresh and healthy food choices. Their company demonstrates great qualities and good moral standards and is consistent throughout each restaurant chain. Also, their employees are held to a higher standard than most employees at other restaurants. There company exemplifies true respect, leadership, and high quality food that in my opinion make Chickfila the best fast food restaurant chain in the business.

Biography of Robert Hooke, the Man Who Discovered Cells

Biography of Robert Hooke, the Man Who Discovered Cells Robert Hooke (July 18, 1635–March 3, 1703) was a 17th-century natural philosopher- an early scientist- noted for a variety of observations of the natural world. But perhaps his most notable discovery came in 1665 when he looked at a sliver of cork through a microscope lens and discovered cells. Fast Facts: Robert Hooke Known For: Experiments with a microscope, including the discovery of cells, and coining of the termBorn: July 18, 1635 in Freshwater, the Isle of Wight, EnglandParents: John Hooke, vicar of Freshwater and his second wife Cecily GylesDied: March 3, 1703 in LondonEducation: Westminster in London, and Christ Church at Oxford, as a laboratory assistant of Robert BoylePublished Works: Micrographia: or some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon Early Life Robert Hooke was born July 18, 1635, in Freshwater on the Isle of Wight off the southern coast of England, the son of the vicar of Freshwater John Hooke and his second wife Cecily Gates. His health was delicate as a child, so Robert was kept at home until after his father died. In 1648, when Hooke was 13, he went to London and was first apprenticed to painter Peter Lely and proved fairly good at the art, but he left because the fumes affected him. He enrolled at Westminster School in London, where he received a solid academic education including Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and also gained training as an instrument maker. He later went on to Oxford and, as a product of Westminster, entered Christ Church college, where he became the friend and laboratory assistant of Robert Boyle, best known for his natural law of gases known as Boyles Law. Hooke invented a wide range of things at Christ Church, including a balance spring for watches, but he published few of them. He did publish a tract on capillary attraction in 1661, and it was that treatise the brought him to the attention of the Royal Society for Promoting Natural History, founded just a year earlier. The Royal Society The Royal Society for Promoting Natural History (or Royal Society) was founded in November 1660 as a group of like-minded scholars. It was not associated with a particular university but rather funded under the patronage of the British king Charles II. Members during Hookes day included Boyle, the architect Christopher Wren, and the natural philosophers John Wilkins and Isaac Newton; today, it boasts 1,600 fellows from around the world. In 1662, the Royal Society offered Hooke the initially unpaid curator position, to furnish the society with three or four experiments each week- they promised to pay him as soon as the society had the money. Hooke did eventually get paid for the curatorship, and when he was named a professor of geometry, he gained housing at Gresham college. Hooke remained in those positions for the rest of his life; they offered him the opportunity to research whatever interested him. Observations and Discoveries Hooke was, like many of the members of the Royal Society, wide-reaching in his interests. Fascinated by seafaring and navigation, Hooke invented a depth sounder and water sampler. In September 1663, he began keeping daily weather records, hoping that would lead to reasonable weather predictions. He invented or improved all five basic meteorological instruments (the barometer, thermometer, hydroscope, rain gauge, and wind gauge), and developed and printed a form to record weather data. Some 40 years before Hooke joined the Royal Society, Galileo had invented the microscope (called an occhiolino  at the time, or wink in Italian); as curator, Hooke bought a commercial version and began an extremely wide and varying amount of research with it, looking at plants, molds, sand, and fleas. Among his discoveries were fossil shells in sand (now recognized as foraminifera), spores in mold, and the bloodsucking practices of mosquitoes and lice. Discovery of the Cell Hooke is best known today for his identification of the cellular structure of plants. When he looked at a sliver of cork through his microscope, he noticed some pores or cells in it. Hooke believed the cells had served as containers for the noble juices or fibrous threads of the once-living cork tree. He thought these cells existed only in plants, since he and his scientific contemporaries had observed the structures only in plant material. Nine months of experiments and observations are recorded in his 1665 book Micrographia: or some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon, the first book describing observations made through a microscope. It featured many drawings, some of which have been attributed to Christopher Wren, such as that of a detailed flea observed through the microscope. Hooke was the first person to use the word cell to identify microscopic structures when he was describing cork. His other observations and discoveries include: Hookes Law: A  law of elasticity for solid bodies, which described how tension increases and decreases in a spring coilVarious observations on the nature of gravity, as well as heavenly bodies such as comets and planetsThe nature of fossilization, and its implications for biological history Death and Legacy Hooke was a brilliant scientist, a pious Christian, and a difficult and impatient man. What kept him from true success was a lack of interest in mathematics. Many of his ideas inspired and were completed by others in and outside of the Royal Society, such as the Dutch pioneer microbiologist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), navigator and geographer William Dampier (1652–1715), geologist Niels Stenson (better known as Steno, 1638–1686), and Hookes personal nemesis, Isaac Newton (1642–1727). When the Royal Society published Newtons Principia in 1686, Hooke accused him of plagiarism, a situation so profoundly affecting Newton that he put off publishing Optics until after Hooke was dead. Hooke kept a diary in which he discussed his infirmities, which were many, but although it doesnt have literary merit like Samuel Pepys, it also describes many details of daily life in London after the Great Fire. He died, suffering from scurvy and other unnamed and unknown illnesses, on March 3, 1703. He neither married nor had children. Sources Egerton, Frank N. A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 16: Robert Hooke and the Royal Society of London. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 86.2 (2005): 93–101. Print.Jardine, Lisa. Monuments and Microscopes: Scientific Thinking on a Grand Scale in the Early Royal Society. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 55.2 (2001): 289–308. Print.Nakajima, Hideto. Robert Hookes Family and His Youth: Some New Evidence from the Will of the Rev. John Hooke. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 48.1 (1994): 11–16. Print.Whitrow, G. J. Robert Hooke. Philosophy of Science 5.4 (1938): 493–502. Print.

Urk is not a standard spelling

Urk is not a standard spelling Urk is not a standard spelling Urk is not a standard spelling By Maeve Maddox Yes, it’s in the Urban Dictionary, but then, what isn’t? I’ve begun noticing the spelling â€Å"urk† where standard English calls for irk. Headline on the Keene-Valley (NY) Forum: what urks me most Blog title: Stuff That Urks Me Twitter Tweet: One thing that URKS ME THE MOST is people who cross the street when it clearly says DONT WALK! irk: to irritate or disgust (as a person) usually by reason of tiresome or wearying qualities -Merriam-Webster The etymology of irk is uncertain. It may be related to O.N. yrkju â€Å"work.† The modern use of the verb irk with the meaning â€Å"annoy† dates from the late 15th century. The adjective irksome, â€Å"bothersome,† dates from the 1510s. (Online Etymology Dictionary) English orthography makes use of five different letter combinations to spell the /er/ sound: er her, after, determine ir sir, stir, girdle, bird ur urn, turn, burn, spurn, pursue, murder, burr, cur (w)or work, word, world, worm, worship ear early, earth, earl, earn, learn, heard, pearl, search, yearn Yes, it does seem excessively irksome to have five ways to spell one sound, but that’s the way it is. The best way to deal with it is to pay attention to words that contain the /er/ sound the first time you have occasion to write them. Romalda Spaldings mnemonic is an effective way to remember the five spellings: Her first nurse works early. In this sentence the spellings occur in the order of their frequency. Most of the time the /er/ sound is spelled er. The er of early, on the other hand, represents the /er/ sound in only a few English words. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business LetterHomogeneous vs. Heterogeneous20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing

Flexibility for 421 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Flexibility for 421 - Essay Example Changes in organisational, economic and employment conditions have brought about innovations in work systems, including flexible work policies and practises. Employees have been experiencing conflict among demands from personal, family, and social responsibilities; such conflict can significantly reduce workers’ well-being which, in turn, may influence organisational outcomes including absenteeism, performance, productivity, and turnover. Companies can effectively improve work-life balance among employees through the provision of flexible work arrangements (Schmidt and Duenas 2002). UK employees continue to feel increased stress and tension in their work environments, due to work intensification and increased work pace. These have created the need for flexible work to achieve balance between work and non-work demands (Green 2006). The application of flexible working practises enables employees to manage their workload, as well as when and where they can carry out such tasks fo r them to effectively attain stability between professional and personal activities (Lewis 2003). Flexible work practises can bring about a wide range of positive outcomes for employees. When employees are given the freedom of choice with regards to their work patterns, job satisfaction can be increased (Hyman and Summers 2004). In remote working, for instance, aside from increased employee satisfaction, there has also been an increase in worker autonomy and independence. Moreover, the use of flexible work arrangements has led to reduced levels of stress and pressure among employees. Although remote workers, such as those who work at home or make use of telecommuting, experience a decrease in stress levels, others on the contrary assert that flexible work practises can bring about further stress and ill mental health. This is in comparison with those who work onsite (Tietze and Musson 2005). Nonetheless, work flexibility has caused positive outcomes such as improvements in achieving work-life balance. Organisations have also benefited from such practises through increased productivity, enhancement of work quality, and improvement of financial performance. Decreases in absenteeism and increased employee loyalty, commitment, and retention rates are also apparent outcomes of flexible work practises (Branine 2003; Greenhaus and Powell 2006). However, it is important to understand that although work flexibility may allow employees to manage their work patterns, positive outcomes have not always been achieved. Critics assert that focusing on choice and balance suggests having control over one’s life decisions, although these have to be considered in relation to the constraints brought about by gender, norms, and organisational culture. Flexible work practises should not merely focus on achieving balance between work and family, as flexible workers may experience certain challenges due to other factors outside the work-family context (Ransome 2007). 1.1.1 Flex ible Work Practises: An Overview Flexible working arrangements have served as a means for attracting, retaining, and motivating employees. This is especially true as work environments become more demanding and intense in terms of work pace and intensity. These practises also serve to align individual goals with organisational objectives (Lambert, Kass, Piotrowski, and Vodanovich 2006). Flexible work pr

The Human Experience and Communication in Movie Assignment - 1

The Human Experience and Communication in Movie - Assignment Example b) Relational needs; the younger brother expresses dissatisfaction about his relationship with the father and reveals that they have not talked for the last ten years. They later meet in an intensely emotional scene at the end of the film after the older brother arranges for a meeting with the father. c) Identity; to find a personal identity, the brothers try to relate with the less fortunate like the lost children in Peru and the lepers in Ghana. They try to find their purpose in life by helping the less fortunate stigmatized groups of people 2 a) Self-awareness; the journey makes the brothers more aware of themselves when they find out the privileges they have in life. They also find their main purpose in life is to be of use to others by helping them for example by helping the AIDS victims in Ghana and hospitalizing the abandoned disabled children in Peru. b)Adaptability; the brothers learn to adapt to different situations, places and to different people they come across. They have to adapt to the situation in New Yorks cold streets by asking for food and building a cardboard shelter. They adapt to the situation of the lepers in Ghana and the homeless in Peru c) Empathy; throughout the film the brothers show empathy to people in different kinds of situations, they empathize with the homeless in the streets of New York by putting themselves in their shoes, then with the abandoned disabled children in Peru who they take to clinic for treatment and with the AIDS victims and lepers in Ghana. d) A person’s cognitive complexity is their ability to analyze a situation from different angles. The brothers analyze life from different perspectives from the problems in the first world in New York and Peru and the third world problems in Africa. They also explore interpersonal relationship  problems between father and son and try to solve all these problems e) Ethics; the brothers are improving their social ethics by practicing their social responsibility towards the society. They have decided to abandon an attitude of apathy and chosen to be concerned with what is going on in the society around them.

PMAN Communication plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PMAN Communication plan - Essay Example This project communication plan will offer us an appropriate way for managing and controlling the flow of the communication and information inside and outside the corporation. In addition, by creating an efficient communication strategy we can enhance the project’s working efficiency. The basic aim of this communication plan is to run the project efficiently since it will offer a much better working and collaborative environment. The basic need is to establish a better inter and intra communication platform for the communication between project sponsor and project staff. The manager of the new ZolastinexÂÂ ® project desires to establish a communication structure that is less expensive and more effective in handling, controlling and managing the project. The communication is desired to control useful resources handling, mentoring progress, running project tasks, resources deployment, staff management and management decision making. The basic strategy is to establish a secure communication environment that is capable to transfer the entire business data and information all through the desired areas of corporation and project management staff. In this project we need to establish an efficient communication method for all the project stakeholders and handlers. In this scenario we need to take following actions to effectively handle the communication among all the project stakeholders. In this project we will use the following communication/ dissemination

Post Modern Directors Essay Example for Free

Post Modern Directors Essay Jim Jarmusch, with his striking hairstyle and rock star persona or aura, and Wong Kar-wai, with his martial artist or gangster looks, can be considered post modern directors with high caliber works in the film industry. These post modern directors are impressionistic in their respective work and point of view. They are also able to dream or pursue a higher level of quality in their expositions of time, memory and space. For other critics, they are different and simultaneously â€Å"strange†. Jim Jarmusch and Wong Kar-wai seem tend to have different themes, tone and styles. However, by looking at the analysis of other critics and auteurs in the films created by these post modern directors as well as the interviews on the Jarmusch and Kaw-wai, it can be noted that there are deep correspondences between them. In the press release notes for â€Å"Stranger Than Paradise†, the film that first provided him significant attention, Kim Jarmusch half-mockingly explained his film as â€Å"a semi-neorealist black-comedy in the style of an imaginary Eastern-European film director preoccupied with Ozu, and recognizable with the 1950s American television show ‘The Honeymooners†. In a lot of ways, the statement is distinguishing of Jarmusch, conceivably the most talented and revitalizing of the post modern or American independent directors of the last two decades. The interviews also expose that he has always been captivated with combining culturally very unusual features or materials to create something new which cannot be ordinarily categorized. In addition to this, this goes beyond the boundaries between high and low and offers a new point of view at American and the familiar. Jarmusch successfully does this by incorporating the perspective or point of view of a stranger. This is further done by keeping a sense of humor in and about his craft (Hertzberg, vii). Filmmaking for Jim Jarmusch has never had much to do with how it is traditionally imagined or visualized, either in terms of production or aesthetics. As an alternative, he has taken a road less traveled. Consequently this indeed, has made all the differences. From the time of his first feature-length movie, â€Å"Permanent Vacation†, which he completed while still in film school, to the newly released â€Å"Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai†, spectators and interviewers have been inquisitive or interested about the Way, as it were, accountable for the innovative, deadpan quality which sets this film apart. Determinedly, Jarmusch articulates of how he visualizes his films â€Å"from the inside out,† how he begins with an actor in mind, how he represents from the collection of random notes that he is continuously writing down, and how he allows the story and mood of the film develop or advance from that. In addition to this, he is always enthusiastic to acknowledge or recognize his debt to filmmakers and artists in other areas whom he has been influenced by or has borrowed from, just as he never fails to stress the significant responsibility played by the cast and crew in determining and co-creating the films he directs. Every time, he is asked to speculate about the style, themes or philosophy of his films, conversely, Jarmusch’s answers are much more reserved; â€Å"I’m the worst person to analyze (my) stuff and I hate looking back at it†, he told Rosenbaum two years later. Likewise, in a recent conversation with Chris Campion, Jarmusch says of the sense that there is a deeper connection between â€Å"Dead Man† and â€Å"Ghost Dog† that he would rather not attempt to analyze it himself: â€Å"Better to leave that up to someone smarter than myself who can explain it to me sometime†, he says, only half in jest. He insists that he does not remember his earlier films very well, as he has a hard time watching them once he is done with them. And furthermore, he often points out that he is not very fond of sharing his views on his films because he regards other people’s different interpretations of them to be at least valuable as his own and is afraid that his own reflections would only impose (Hertzberg, viii). In his film â€Å"Down by the Law† (1986), Jim Jarmusch refined his humorous and ironic wit by incorporating black and white photography. He also used elegant tracking shots in his film which adds to a unique laconic style. Somehow, the film has a resemblance to Robert Bresson’s â€Å"A Man Escapes† (1956) as well as to other films with themes about prison. This is due to the fact that the story of â€Å"Down by the Law† is drawn from both the life of an ebullient Italian tourist, played by Roberto Benigni, as well as the life of two petty hooligans, played by Tom Waits and John Lurie. However, because of the post modern skills of Jarmusch, he is able to make innovations and come up with a humorous, fresh and unusually moving film. In â€Å"Mystery Train† (1989) and â€Å"Night on Earth† (1991), Jim Jarmusch was highly regarded or commended for the charm and cleverness. Though still, there are some critics or spectators say that these two films are quite similar from his previous works. The criticisms he obtained from these two films show a correspondence to other directors such as David Lynch in his film â€Å"Twin Peaks† (1990), particularly to Wong Kar-wai in his film â€Å"Happy Together†. Wong Kar-wai and Jim Jarmusch in their respective work shows how these two directors risked repetition, as well as self-parody, in order to bring out something (in their point of view) innovative, fresh and revitalizing. Jarmusch’s film â€Å"Dead Man† (1995) can be considered a comeback or response to these criticisms and a strong evidence of how he tried to be innovative and fresh in his perspective. Internationally, this film was acclaimed to be a work of genius. It also deviated from his usual mannered style or hip irony which can be observed in his other films, such as in â€Å"Night on Earth†. Jim Jarmusch successfully uses lyrical depiction of death presented in a bold manner and rendered harsh and brutal. On the other hand, nearly a decade later after his film â€Å"Fallen Angels† was shown in the 1995 Toronto International Film Festival, Wong Kar-Wai’s signature visual pyrotechnics don’t wield quite as much power over spectators as they once did, but this is only to be expected. The best news is that Wong Kar-Wai has matured as a filmmaker, and where sheer visual and aural audacity was once enough to thrill a viewer, these ephemeral techniques have in more recent films like â€Å"Happy Together† and â€Å"In the Mood for Love†, been supplemented by a powerful artistic vision and a new depth of feeling (Tambling, 1) In May 1997, just before Hong Kong passed from British colonial rule to the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong director Wong Kai-wai released the film â€Å"Happy Together:. Wong Kar-wai was born in Shanghai in 1958 but he was brought up in Hongkong and began film-making (if a beginning can be located at this point without being arbitrary about his previous work on films) with â€Å"As Tears Go By† (1988). This was a fast-paced gangland movie set in Kowloon which is frequently compared in plot with Martin Scorsese’s â€Å"Mean Streets† (1973). It portrayed a gangster (played by Andy Lau), caught between the demands of his partner, Fly (played by Jacky Cheung), and his girlfriend (Maggie Cheung). As such, it can be seen as remaking a Hollywood formula, where the focus is on a male character proving his masculinity (Tambling, 1). Often compared with the young Jean-Luc Godard, Wong Kar-wai is celebrated as one of he leading auteurs of new wave Asian cinema. â€Å"Wong may be said to have brought the Hong Kong new wave into the 90s†, wrote Stephen Teo, â€Å"by combining post-modern themes with new wave stylistics† (2008). In â€Å"Chungking Express† (1994), California Dreamin by the Mamas and Papas functions not just as a replacement for dialogue but as the core message of the film. â€Å"In Chungking Express,† writes Larry Gross, Calfornia Dreamin is played some nine or ten times almost in its entirety. But only towards the end do you grasp that dancing casually to that song and letting its lyric play across your mind is almost literally what the movie is about. His world is very much the world with a soundtrack, where objects, perishable but still emotionally resonant, flit in and out of our hands and minds (Lannin and Caley, 173). In Stephen Teo’s analysis on Wong Kar-wai, it can be noted that his work is magisterial and is highly persuading in terms of the proofs and supports for his arguments towards Wong Kar-wai’s work. There is also a remarkable scope and depth in his analysis where comprehensive surveys of Chinese commentary are provided. Stephen Teo, being a genre analyst, particularly on Hong Kong cinema, carefully shows a thorough study of the works of Wong Kar-wai. Aside from Stephen Teo, though this may scandalize some, other spectators admit immediately that they don’t care for most Hong Kong cinema, especially that of the martial arts which sometimes seems to be most of it. Spectators however, acknowledge its worldwide success and appreciate its unbounded energy. Others understand the arguments made by David Bordwell and others for the wonderful balletic kinesthesia and the fecund and often extremely clever recycling of generic motifs from pop culture that can be found in Hong Kong cinema. Spectators and critics respect the tremendous influence that Hong Kong genre films have had on Wong’s filmmaking. Some believes that his greatest triumphs have come when he has transcended generic conventions (Brunette, xviii). In the absence of an outer voice, the song articulates the obsession with the time common to all characters in a Wong Kar-wai film. A telling scene in â€Å"Fallen Angels† shows one of the main characters shooting video of his father. They have little verbal communication despite living in the same small hotel room (the son is mute and the father rarely talks since the death of his wife). The son’s persistence with his video camera becomes so unbearable that his father shuts him out of their room. Later, he is filmed asleep. In private moments, he watches these videos with pleasure and after his death, his son watches one sequence over and over, relishing the pleasure of a rare smile from his father. The task of electronic media in memory, when one-to-one communication is complicated or hard, is a theme that persists or happen again throughout Wong Kar-wai’s films. When Kar-wai’s characters are mute, speechless, or emotionally withdrawn, songs animate their silence. â€Å"Fallen Angels† (1995) starts with a long sequence in which voices are heard only as peripheral chatter or voiceover. Preceding the main titles is a scene shot in black and white (similar to Jarmusch’s use of black and white photography). The hit man, Wong Chi-Ming, which is played by Leon Lai, and his agent, played by Michele Reis, are discussing their professional and personal relationship. Their particular conversation, can be classified as neorotic, internalized, and literally colorless fragment that is swept aside by a tour de force of camerawork, set design, sound and conceptualization, sustained without dialogue or exposition for nearly ten minutes (Lannin and Caley, 173). The difference in style, theme and tone subsequently results to a similarity in the determination of presenting new and deviant works from their previous masterpieces in the film industry makes Jim Jarmusch and Wong Kar-wai stand out to be post modern directors acclaimed by critics and spectators worldwide.

Vegetarianism is the Better Choice Essay -- Diet Vegetarian

The trend of abstaining from eating meat and other animal products is a rapidly growing one. According to David Bender in Animal Rights Opposing Viewpoints, â€Å"Today, nearly twenty million Americans are vegetarians, and many more have greatly reduced their meat consumption† (139). One meat-eating person may ponder why these non-meat eaters would deprive themselves of the wonderful taste of meat and animal products. Another concern is over nutrition, mainly protein intake. Many meat eaters believe that a vegetarian diet does not and cannot supply the protein necessary for the body to function properly. There are many misconceptions (like the one above) and unknown facts associated with the vegetarian lifestyle. This essay will deal with the issue of nutrition and reveal the truth about how the vegetarian diet can improve one’s well being by, making weigh loss easier, boosting the level of energy one feels on a day to day basis, reducing the risks of Atheseriousis, can cer, diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, and heart disease. There are also many unknown facts associated with the vegetarian way of life. One of which is the great role vegetarians play in reducing the amount of waste in the environment. What this statement means is that by not eating meat one is promoting the use of farmland for food for humans instead of farmland for grazing animals (this greatly reduces water usage and waste; it also cuts down on the acreage of farm land used.) Water usage will become an increasing problem if more people do not find and implement water conservation methods. According to data taken from John Robbins in Diet for a New America, if something is not done, the water in the Texas aquifers will be exhausted in less than thirty-five years (1). For reasons that will become clearer after reading this essay, vegetarianism seems to be an answer to the problem of water usage. With the increasing amount of land being used for farming to mainly feed animals used for food by us, comes increased soil erosion and leeching. Leeching is a term used to describe the process of the loss of nutrients from the soil, and the end result is sand that cannot support plant life. Vegetarians help to reduce the amount of farmlands needed to support animals. According to Robbins, in Diet for a New America, â€Å"Since 1967, the rate of deforestation in the U.S. has been one acre every five second... ...nd most veal calves are subjected to confinement so severe that they cannot even turn around† (134). The purpose for this treatment is so the animals expend as little energy (in the form of calories) as possible so that the animal gains weight substantially quicker. The raising of other â€Å"food animals† is quite similar to the treatment that pigs and veal receive. â€Å"Food animals† are often fed contaminated food, which poisons them and their meat. Dangerous heavy metals build up in manure, bones, and internal organs, such as kidneys and livers, and are then recycled back through livestock as feed. The diseased organisms that survive in animal tissue processed into feed can infect the livestock and inevitably infect us as well. When one considers the serious health risks of a meat and dairy based diet, the environmental devastation caused by animal agriculture, the huge waste of resources in a world faced with chronic human starvation, and the violence to and suffering of billions of animals the switch to vegetarianism makes perfect sense. Even if one is not willing to completely give up meat, just eating meat at less often will make a difference in ones health, and the environment.

New Belgium Case Analysis

Introduction The New Belgium Brewing Company is one of the top three craft beer breweries in the nation. It has experienced solid growth from its original entry as a niche marketer to a brand that is now distributed across the country. Much of New Belgium’s success is a result of a well-developed positioning strategy that promotes the company’s culture as much as its product. Not coincidentally, New Belgium’s target market chooses brands like Fat Tire because of both the company’s culture and its product.Our evaluation of the two New Belgium cases indicates that the craft beer industry remains an attractive investment for the company, particularly because of its specific capabilities and resources. The cases also suggest that a conservative growth outlook has the greatest probability of maintaining an acceptable level of profitability without sacrificing the company’s mission and core values.Finally, New Belgium’s positioning, particularly as it’s exemplified by the Fat Tire campaign, is a sustainable one for both current and future brands, though deliberate adaptations will be necessary as New Belgium expands into new markets SWOT Analysis Strengths (New Belgium)| Weaknesses (New Belgium)| High-quality beer, award-winning beers| Association with a single line of beer- Fat Tire| 7th Largest brewery in the nation, 3rd largest craft brewery| Increased pressure on maintaining company culture as a result of company growth| Strong growth with est. ales of over $100B and sales of over 700K barrels of beer| Continued reliance on natural gas and fossil fuels- non-renewable resources| $10M advertising budget for Fat Tire campaign| No follow-up of successful Fat-Tire ad campaign| Collaboration with Elysian Brewing Company| Increasing distribution distances| Customer Loyalty| Competition from craft brewers and craft beers from traditional brewers| Effective word-of-mouth advertising| Smaller advertising budget ($10M) than c ompetition (Sam Adams $35M)| Strong product association (Fat Tire Brewery)| One of the founders no longer with NBB| Social media presence: Facebook (300K; $50. M monetization), Twitter (100K), Pandora, Instagram, Beer Stream, YouTube| Customer blow back if environmental and social responsibility not as advertised| TV advertising differentiated from traditional breweries| Incompatibility between social responsibility and promotion of alcohol consumption| Clear market segmentation| Increased expense associated with sustainability efforts| Strong brand positioning| | Distribution in 29 states and DC| |Performance advantage of ethically and socially responsible companies| | Triple Bottom Line: economic, social, and environmental focus drives strategy| | Brand manifesto co-developed by Dr. Holt| | Clear mission, core values, and beliefs| | Long-standing commitment to sustainability| | â€Å"Sustainable Purchasing Guidelines†| | Awards for environmental achievement | | Admission of flaws in sustainability claims| |Dedication to socially responsible initiatives, corporate charity and philanthropy| | Event sponsorship to promote environmental responsibility| | Generous employee benefits that reflect company culture| | Awards for business ethics and work-place environment| | Grant-supported new plant in NC| | Opportunities (Craft Beer Industry)| Threats (Craft Beer Industry)| 16. 4 percent growth in craft beer industry| 2 percent decrease in total beer consumption| Fastest growing segment of US alcoholic beverage market w/>100 percent growth from 1999-2011| Accounts for only 5. percent of US beer market| Differentiation from traditional breweries| Competition from traditional and other craft breweries| Low cost per viewer TV advertising | Social stigma of alcohol consumption| Growth of social media as inexpensive source of advertising| Beer can become a commodity in a poor economy, decreasing demand for craft beers| Customer loyalty| Increased differentiation ef forts required to stand apart from traditional breweries| More immune to an economic downturn than traditional beers| |New Belgium and the Craft Beer Industry New Belgium Brewing Company is relatively small compared to the traditional breweries such as Anheuser Busch and Coors, though they are still the seventh-largest brewery in the nation. New Belgium is, however, the third-largest craft brewery in the nation, with estimated sales of over $100 million, equaling approximately 700,000 barrels of beer per year. An analysis of the craft beer industry as a whole suggests that there is continued growth potential for New Belgium.Exhibit 5. 1 of the New Belgium Brewing (B) case shows that craft beer is the fastest growing segment of the U. S. alcoholic beverage market, with an increase in market share of over 100 percent from 1999-2011. It is also an industry whose customers tend to be extremely loyal, making them less likely to view craft beer as a commodity. Consequently, craft beer has a higher probability of being immune to competition from inferior goods and substitutes.This is particularly applicable to New Belgium’s target market of â€Å"beer connoisseurs† that appreciate the high quality and taste of craft beer and who include â€Å"executives, lawyers, and accountants† with the continued ability to pay higher prices for craft beer, enabling the craft beer industry to achieve gross margins of up to 30 percent (Clark & Rogler, 2013). Four other strengths of New Belgium indicate continued growth in the craft beer industry. First, studies have shown that companies who sincerely promote ethical, social, and environmental responsibility outperform those on the S&P 500.New Belgium has been such a company from the very start. Second, they have exploited social media as an inexpensive advertising platform, with their Facebook presence alone accounting for over $50 million in annual sales. Third, New Belgium has shown that they can succeed in tr aditional television advertising as well with their Fat Tire campaign that produced an extremely successful positioning strategy resulting in significant sales increases. Fourth, New Belgium continues to look for ways to innovate, like their partnership with Elysian Brewing Company that could lead to greater efficiency and support new product development.New Belgium is a company that has received awards for their beer, for their ethics, for their employee care, and for their stewardship of the environment, all the while maintaining strong financial growth and market share. There is nothing to suggest that New Belgium cannot continue to succeed in the craft beer industry. New Belgium’s Growth Outlook New Belgium’s success to date in the industry has been a result of a conservative approach to growing their business- a â€Å"go slow to go fast† strategy. We believe it should continue to be conservative in its outlook on growth.New Belgium Brewing is a growing comp any, best exemplified by plans to open a second brewery in Asheville, North Carolina, in order to reach new markets on the east coast. This expansion, however, is creating pressure on the company’s commitment to sustainability. Even though the new plant will reduce the fuel necessary for east coast distribution, it still will result in an increase in the overall use of fossil fuels and non-renewable resources from current levels, not just with transportation but with production as well. In addition, the increased production will necessarily mean an increase in environmental waste by-products.An aggressive outlook on growth with a mindset of â€Å"grow, grow, grow† would further jeopardize the company’s ability to maintain sustainability efforts, which would not be consistent with New Belgium’s way of operating. New Belgium Brewing embraces a â€Å"triple bottom line† approach to business that factors economic, social, and environmental consideratio ns into its business strategy rather than simply looking at the bottom line. We believe that this has been critical in developing a strong brand preference through customer trust.New Belgium’s own study indicates the â€Å"39 percent of beer consumers will make extra efforts to buy from and support sustainable companies,† while outside studies suggest that a significant number of consumers support businesses that demonstrate sustainable practices. Going â€Å"fast† with an aggressive growth outlook would likely alienate New Belgium’s customer base and would violate every one of New Belgium’s Sustainable Branding Strategy principles, from â€Å"walk before talk† (living up to sustainability claims) to â€Å"make ripples† (convincing the customer that advertisements promote the brand and the culture behind it).In addition, an aggressive growth outlook would be contrary to some of New Belgium’s core values and beliefs, particularl y those that address environmental stewardship and commitment to trust through fulfilling promises. No one should doubt that New Belgium is in the business to â€Å"operate a profitable brewery† as its mission statement makes clear, but not at the expense of the other two bottom lines. For New Belgium Brewing Company, slow and steady leads the way. Fat Tire Positioning As noted above, New Belgium’s positioning of its Fat Tire brand was a success.Clancy (2001) defines positioning as â€Å"the message a company wants to imprint on the minds of customer and prospects about its product†¦and how it differs from and offers something better than competitors† (p. 1). In the case of Fat Tire, its positioning mirrored the company’s culture â€Å"where a highly creative activity†¦is pursued for the intrinsic value of doing it, as well as perfromed in a balanced manner with nature. † The message was about pursuing one’s interests (folly) but n ot in a way that reflect’s self-interest alone.It’s a message about recycling (restoring the bike), about caring for the environment (riding instead of driving), about relationships (the road biker and the tinkerer riding uphill together), and about the simple joy of simple things. It’s about good beer made by a literally â€Å"good† company. Compare this approach with the positioning of the largest craft brewer, Sam Adams, whose ads have â€Å"morphed into television spots that [look] more and more like the position of America’s Big Three brewers. The Fat Tire ad, on the other hand, cleary demonstrates that New Belgium is different than it’s competitors in the culture behind the beer, and that’s what New Belgium is after- the market who not only wants high quality, excellent craft beer but who also wants to be associated with a high quality company behind it. The Fat Tire campaign produced increased sales of 37 percent in test marke ts, and New Belgium’s sales force was able to leverage this success by convincing transactional customers to promote New Belgium’s secondary brands, increasing these sales by over 50 percent (Holt & Cameron, 2010).Given the results of the Fat Tire campaign, we recommend a continuation of the current positioning. Through Fat Tire, New Belgium has been able to differentiate itself in the craft beer industry by producing strong products that are well received by their target customers who are, or who see themselves as, smart, creative, athletic, environmentally conscious, and socially engaged. Target Markets The target consumer customer marketing strategy for the Fat Tire campaign focuses on the market concentration approach of selecting a single market segment and then identifying shared segmentation factors.For example, the campaign targets â€Å"high-end† (psychographic, behavioral) male beer drinkers ages 25-44 (demographic) who are mostly white-collar professi onals (demographic) who vacation in Colorado (geographic) for a taste of the mountain lifestyle (psychographic). This market longs for the life of the tinkerer (psychographic) but believe that they are unable to sacrifice their current circumstances in order to obtain it (psychographic). They can, however, make a connection to that life and to others in similar situations (psychographic, association/affinity) by drinking Fat Tire (behavioral).The transactional customer, on the other hand, is likely to be the local liquor store or grocer rather than supermarket or large retail discount center. For one, such distributors are more apt to carry craft beers because of their higher price and lower sales volume. More importantly, it is more probable that they are susceptible to local demands to carry New Belgium beers, the kind that result from the example noted by the case where a local Minnesota liquor store sold 400 cases of Fat Tire with the first hour of opening.Recommendations for th e Future Looking toward the future, the cases note that New Belgium has no plans to undertake another major television ad campaign similar to Fat Tire. We recommend that they reconsider this position, particularly as they move into the east coast market and open their Asheville brewery. Taking a pure aggregation approach by replicating current strategy there will probably not produce the success to which New Belgium has become accustomed.Having recently studied the early failures of Disney in Europe due to a lack of adaptation, we suggest a television ad campaign modeled after a listening tour, perhaps where the tinkerer and his single-speed bike tours the Carolinas, finding compatriots along the way. The tagline could be, â€Å"Beer is our folly. What’s yours? † The television ads would promote contact with New Belgium via social media, and local events would be sponsored to share New Belgium beer and culture with the east coast market, as well as to learn more about their new target market.Based upon what New Belgium learns, we also recommend developing a new craft beer specifically for the east coast market, fulfilling the transformational innovation activities of the Innovation Ambition Matrix (Limacher, 2012). We envision this campaign then developing television spots that show the tinkerer traveling through locations from the Maine coast to the Key West, with quick images of him restoring old junked treasures that represent the follies he previously learned about- a wooden canoe, an Appalachian fiddle, or an antique Penn ocean reel- all the while promoting New Belgium’s new brand.In addition to television ads, New Belgium would continue its established strategy of permission marketing using social media, which they have clearly established as having a strong correlation with annual sales. We project that if New Belgium follows this Sustainable Branding Strategy with an emphasis on adaptations to the new market, it will achieve succes s similar to the results from the Fat Tire campaign. Conclusion New Belgium is poised for significant growth because of the way that it has differentiated the company from other craft brewers.Despite a smaller advertising budget that larger competitors like Sam Adams, New Belgium has leveraged its advertising resources into developing a position that is distinctly different, which has created strong brand appeal among its target market. If New Belgium can maintain its original principles as it grows, we see a high likelihood that profits will follow. New Belgium’s â€Å"single speed† is absolutely the right vehicle to transport the company into the future. References Clancy, K. 2001). Whatever happened to positioning: Recent Copernicus study confirms the dissappearance of positioning. Copernicus. Clark, C. , & Rogler, J. (2013, March 8). Personal Interview. (M. Holcomb, Interviewer) Holt, D. , & Cameron, D. (2010). Cultural Strategy: Using Innovative Ideologies to Buil d Breakthrough Brands. New York: Oxford University Press. Limacher, R. (2012, May 25). Framework of the week – 81 -innovation ambition matrix. Retrieved March 20, 2013, from strategyhub. net:

Performance Management System Essay

A performance management system is the process in which an organization will involves its employees, as individuals and members of a group, in improving organizational effectiveness in the accomplishment of the organization’s mission and goals. Employee performance management includes: planning work and setting expectations, continually monitoring performance, developing the capacity to perform, periodically rating performance in a summary fashion, and rewarding good performance. Planning Work and other processes are planned out in organizations; one of the best ways the organization knows to ensure that the employees are effective in the organization is by implementing the employees in the planning process. This helps the employees understand the goals, what needs done, why it needs to be done, and how well it should be done within the organization. Monitoring Within effective organizations, projects and other assignments are monitored, positive monitoring is consistently measuring performance as well as providing positive and negative feedback to and from employee’s on their progress toward reaching goals. Requirements for monitoring employees performance is compared against their elements and standards in the organization, monitoring provides the organization opportunity to check the employees performance and the ability to measure the unacceptable performance. Developing Employee development should be evaluated and addressed; this form of developing can increase the capacity to perform through training, give tasks that work on new skills of higher levels of responsibility, improve the work process, and many other methods. When employees are provided with training and developmental opportunity’s, organizations encourage good performance, strengthen job-related skills and competence, and helps employees keep up with changes in the organization such as; new policy, standards, or technology. Rating Organizations will summarize employees performance allowing them to compare  performance over time or amongst a variety of employees, this allows the organization to see who the best performers are as well as the employees that need work. Rating is evaluating employees or a group of employee’s performance against the standards in a performance plan and assigning a summary rating record. There are rating of records assigned according to procedures included in the organizations appraisal program, which is biased on the performance by employees during an entire appraisal period. Rewarding Rewarding is when the organization recognizes the employees, either as individuals or a team for their performance and acknowledging their contributions to the needs of the organization. Positive performance can be recognized without waiting for nominations for awards, recognition can be implemented in all day-to-day operations within the organization. Using a Performance Management System Any organization that uses a performance management system creates positive work practices among the employees, as well it allows the management in the organization to see where the employees performance is at. Organizations need to gather information about employee performance in order to figure out who would be a good fit when it comes to promotions and who would be better equipped to handle more responsibilities. Performance management system helps the organization to determine which employees are best suited to hire from within, not only do they already know the operations of the organization, but the organizations management knows their work ethics and has already been monitoring their progress.