Patricia Benner - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1063 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category People Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Character Essay Did you like this example? Patricia Benner: The Theory of Nursing Laniece C. Leon Chamberlain College of Nursing CCN 100: Success Seminar Patricia Benner: The Theory of Nursing Dr. Patricia Benner is a very accomplished nursing theorist. She was born on May 10, 1955 to parents Ethel and Donald Brushett (www. yahoo. com). She went to Pasadena College and received her BSN. She then received her Master’s Degree in Medical Surgical Nursing from the University of California, San Francisco and went to get her Ph. D. in Stress, Coping and Health from the University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Benner is currently a professor of nursing in the Department of Social and Behavioral Nursing at the University of California, San Francisco. She has written nine books, and received many awards for her accomplishments. She is an internationally known researcher and lecturer on health, stress and coping, skill acquisition and ethics and has had great influence on the world of nursing. Theory Dr. Benner introdu ced the theory that expert nurses develop skills and understanding of patient care over time through a sound educational base and a multitude of experiences. The premise of this theory is that the development of knowledge on applied disciplines such as medicine and nursing is composed of the extension of practical knowledge through research and understanding the â€Å"know-how† of clinical experience. It states that nursing requires procedural or scientific knowledge, techne, and the advancement of knowledge through practice and experience, phronesis. Before the publication of her most widely known book From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice, there was no real characterization of the learning process of nurses. Using a model called The Dreyfus Model of Skill and Acquisition developed by Stuart and Hubert Dreyfus and applying it to nursing, Dr. Benner developed a five-stage process that a nurse goes through on the journey to developing e xpertise in the field: The Novice Stage, The Advanced Beginner Stage, The Competent Stage, The Proficient Stage, and The Expert Stage. Each stage builds on the other as the nurse gains experience and learns. The Novice Stage According to Dr. Benner, a nurse in this stage is completely dependent on the rules or plans set forth by their instructor. They have very little situational perception and no discretionary judgment. Their instructors break down the task environment into â€Å"context-free† features that a beginning nurse can recognize without the having had any experience in the field of nursing. The instructor provides rules that the â€Å"novice† nurse needs to use in order to draw a conclusion or determine the action necessary based on the facts of the situation that can be recognized without prior experience. A â€Å"novice† nurse exhibits â€Å"rule-governed behavior† which leads the nurse to be limited and inflexible. Due to their lack of experience, the nurse tends to have a â€Å"Just tell me what to do and I’ll do it† attitude. The Advanced Beginner Stage As the nurse progresses from the novice stage to the advanced beginner stage they acquire experience from their work. At this stage they are able to use the rules and plans illustrated by their instructors in conjunction with their practical or situational experience to help them increase their skill level. More features of a situation become recognizable for nurse based upon their experiences which allows them to be able to anticipate certain elements of a situation. The down side is that the â€Å"advanced beginner† nurse can feel overwhelmed. Their situational perception is still a bit limited so they treat all aspects of the situation separately and with equal importance. As more things become recognizable, more rules are introduced that apply to each situation making things more difficult. The Competent Stage At this stage, the nu rse learns that in order to feel less overwhelmed with the potential relevant elements of a situation, they need to devise a plan or a perspective that will help them determine what elements of a situation are important. A plan will help them determine what elements of a situation needs to be taken care of immediately and what elements can be ignored. â€Å"The competent performer must devise new rules and reasoning procedures for the chosen plan or perspective determination so that the learned rules for actions based on relevant facts can then be applied. ()Because there are so many different situation that directly named or defined, the â€Å"competent† nurse has to decide for themselves what plan to use for each situation even if they’re not absolutely sure. â€Å"Prior to this stage, if the learned rules did not work out, the performer could rationalize that they he or she had not been given good enough rules rather than feel remorse because of a mistake. † () This can create a sense of responsibility that can be frightening for the nurse. However it can also give the nurse a sense of accomplishment when the outcome is in their favor. By the time the nurse is ready to move to the next stage of development, he or she â€Å"can now better predict immediately likely events and needs of patients and plan for them. †() The Proficient Stage In this stage, the nurse becomes less overwhelmed as they are able to more readily see a situation as a whole rather than in separate aspects. Their decision process is less perplexing because their plan for the situation has become a part of their intuition. Actions become easier and less stressful as the learner simply sees what needs to be achieved rather than deciding†() The Expert Stage At this stage, the nurse no longer uses rules or guidelines to gear their actions. They now have an intuitive grasp of the situation which allows them to be more fluid and flexible in their responses. They let their now long grown experience guide them. In times where an â€Å"expert† nurse has diagnosed a situation in the wrong way they can revert back breaking down the situation into aspects to get a better handle on the situation. For they most part, though, they are able to see the situation and do what needs to be done based on what has previously worked for them in past experiences. References Benner, P. , Chelsa, C. , Tanner C. (2009). Expertise in Clinical Practice: Caring, Clinical Judgment, and Ethics. Jones, Moniaree Parker. (2007). Nursing Expertise: A Look at Theory and the LNCC Certification Exam. Journal of Legal Nurse Consulting, 18(2), 12-15. PATRICIA BENNER: THE THEORY OF NURSING Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Patricia Benner" essay for you Create order

Com/150 Expository Essay-Language in the United States

Language in the United States Salima R. Smith COM/150 February 14, 2010 Instructor: Justi Glaros Diversity in America in not just limited to a persons ethnic background or religion, language also can separate a group of people. Ever since the first European settlers inhabited America and intergraded with Native Americas there was a language barrier. Today, although English is the language spoken by the majority of people in America, those language barriers are still present. These barriers can be seen in the obvious matter, different types of languages spoken, and also in a less noticeable matter, different dialects with in a language. Even with these barriers, man has overcome these differences and created a bridge for the gaps†¦show more content†¦Now, within these countries many languages could be spoken, but there is one official national language. In America, there is no such thing. There is absolutely no official language. This also adds to the great divide also commonly known as the language barrier. There has been an ongoing debate about whether or not English should be identified as the official language of America. To this day, that debate continues, and I believe that it always will. The reason (in my opinion) that English will never the official language of America is because the European settlers who landed in America did not found this country, they did not create this country and most of all, the language that they brought to this country was indeed foreign. There is also a type of language spoken in America that is widely discussed and often imitated throughout the world. It is American Slang. Depending on who you ask, some will say that slang is a result of English that was broken by slaves transported to America. Some will say that slang is a result of adolescents in America being rebellious towards their elders. Either way, there is a new form of slang added to each generation. As time passes, that slang becomes common and an acceptable (grammatically) part of the English language. In the 1930’s jazz musician Les ter Young popularized the word â€Å"cool† and acknowledged it as a description for his music. During those times, any young person who used that word

Vice free essay sample

What are the positive and active effects on children and society they live in? 2013-1-19 Caring for children is important in any society. All parents should be required to take childcare courses. TO what extent do you agree or disagree? 201 3-2-2 Some people think watching TV is bad for children, while others think that watching TV has more beneficial effects on children. Discuss both sides and glee your own pollen. 201 3-2-14 Some people think young people should be free to choose his or her job , but other people think they should be realistic and think more about their future. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 201 3-2-16 Some people think all lawbreakers should be put into prison, while others believe that there are better alternatives. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. NAGY?N KHZ?C Ethic 201 3-2-23 Not enough students choose science subjects in universities in many countries. What are the reasons and what are the effects to the society? 201 3-3-2 Universities and colleges are now offering qualifications through distance learning from the Internet rather than teachers in the classroom.Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages? 201 3-3-9 Some people believe that studying in a college or university is the best way or students to prepare for their future career. Others think they should leave school as soon as possible to develop their career through work experience. 201 3-3-14 Some people believe that when designing a building, the most important thing to be considered is the function rather than the outward appearance. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 201 3-3-23 Human society has made great technological progress in the last hundred years.Some people think this also has negative effects on our life. To what 201 34_6 One hundred years ago, some people believed that human race would make continuous progress in all areas of life. Today, people feel less certain about this. In what areas do you think the most important progress has been made? In what areas does more need to be done? 201 3-4-13 As countries develop, their populations tend to live individually or in small family units. What are the causes of this trend and what are the effects on society?NAGY?N KHZ?c HTHc 2 201 3-4-18 Some people claim that it is acceptable to use animals in medical research for the benefit of human beings, while other people argue that it is wrong. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 201 34_27 Some people think that older school children should learn a wide range of objects to acquire more knowledge, while other people believe they should learn a small number of subjects in details. Discuss both views and give your opinions. 201 3-5-1 1 In many countries, the quality of life in large cities is becoming worse. What are the causes for this problem?What measures do you think should be taken to tackle this problem? 201 3-5-1 6 People are surrounded by all kinds of advertising. Some people believe that advertising has a negative effect on peoples lives. To what extent do you agree or disagree ? 201 3-5-1 8 Some people think it is important for all children to learn history in school. Others believe that other subjects are more relevant to childrens lives today. 201 3-5-25 Some people believe that government money should be spent on important things rather than arts such as painting and music. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 01 3-6-6 Some people think that the government should offer financial support and care to old people, while others think that people should save money for their future life. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. NAGY?N KHZ?c HTHc 3 201 3-6-8 Nowadays some countries encourage people to buy more and more products, while others believe it has negative effects on the society. To what extent do you agree or disagree ? 201 3-6-15 Some people think family has the most powerful influence on childrens development. Others , however, believe that other things have greater effects. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 201 3-6-22 Some people think secondary school students should learn international news as one of their subjects, while others believe that this is a waste of valuable time. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 18/05/201 3: Some people think that children should be taught history at school. Others refute this by suggesting that schools should teach children subjects that are elevate to their latter life. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 25/05/201 3: Some people think that the governments spent money on artists would be better than on more important things. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 1 5/06/201 3: Some people think that families have the most powerful influence on a childs development, while others think other factors such as television, friend, music, etc have biggest effects. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 22/6/2013 4 Tourism is excellent way to the development of a country but it might harm. In what way countries ensure that tourism benefits their development? 3/07/2013 in KICK: Some people believe that robots are very important for humans future development.Others argue that the invention of robots has negative effects on society. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 03/08/201 3. People in big cities prefer to live alone or in small family units instead of large family groups. Do you think this is positive or negative trend? 7/08/2013 In some countries, students must pay tuition for university and college. In some others, government pay it. Do the advantages of using government money for universities and colleges outweigh the disadvantages? 9/08/201 3 Scientists believe that computers will become more intelligent than human beings.Some people find it a positive development while others think it is negative development. Discuss both points and give your own opinion. 07/09/201 3: Some people think that nuclear energy is better than other source of power for meeting overstraining global needs. To what extent do you agree? 03/08/201 3 In many countries today, people in big cities either live alone or in small family units, rather than in large, extended family groups. Is this a positive or a negative trend? 5 21/09/2013 Throughout history, people have dreamed about perfect society, but they have not agreed what an ideal society is.What do you think the most important elements to have perfect society in modern world? How people can achieve an ideal society? 12/10/2013 Economic progress is one way to measure a countrys success. Some people believe that there are other factors should be considered when measuring the success of a country. What are the other factors? Do u think there is a factor that more important than the others? 26/10/201 3: A rise in the standard of living in a country often only seem to benefits cities rather than rural areas. What problems might this differences cause?

Zorba the Greek free essay sample

According to Epicureanism you cease to be with your death, this is a thread of thought further developed by Freidrich Nietzsche (1884-1900), one of Kazantzakis greatest influences. The word Dionysian originated from Dionysus, the Greek god of wine. Dionysian nature is prominently associated with music and dance, and giving emotions free reign. These two philosophies are closely associated since both find great merit in happiness and are found to have been controversial. One reason for this is our tendency to discard pleasure as a moral good; we usually consider humility, wisdom, justice, and other virtues to be ethical. However, following the doctrines of Epicurus and Dionysus, behavior in pursuit of pleasure is the only life path that will assure an upright life. The protagonist of Kazantzakis novel, Zorba, is the embodiment of these values; through Zorba the reader obtains a better understanding of these concepts. Zorba’s personification is seen through his expression of emotion, his challenging death, his tendency to live in the moment and his love of the santuri and dance. We will write a custom essay sample on Zorba the Greek or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Epicureanism is characterized by the drive to do things solely because you want to. This notion is first introduced very early in the novel: â€Å"Can’t a man do anything without a why? (Kazantzakis, 10) says Zorba. Later when speaking of his latest engagement as a miner, he says â€Å"simply because I felt like it† (10) when explaining why he left the mine. Zorba simply does things for the sake of doing them and not for a predetermined gain, because doing these things brings him pleasure. By questioning whether men are able to â€Å"do anything without a why† he sheds light on the human predisposition to do things only because it will give them an advantage. The interesting choice of the diction â€Å"harum-scarum† (127) accurately defines Zorba, Epicureanism and Dionysianism. Zorba uses this phrase to describe how his recklessness ncreases with age. â€Å"Harum-scarum† is defined as being a daredevil and lacking responsibility. This would mean t hat you are not worried about the past or the future or the consequences your actions may have, and are ultimately doing what makes you happy. This definition of â€Å"harum-scarum† can be extended to include giving your emotions free reign or being reckless with your emotions. Someone who is â€Å"harum-scarum† is someone who does not think of the consequences of allowing emotions to control their actions. The other significant aspect of Epicureanism is the indifference toward death; according to Epicureanism there is no after life. Freidrich Nietzsche believed humanity should work to enhance the life of the individual and focus on the realities of the present world. Zorba consistently contemplates death; he brings up something an elderly man once said to him â€Å"My son, I carry on as if I should never die† (35) and then counters it with his own view, â€Å"And I carry on as if I was to die any minute† (35). These two statement are essentially opposite but they lead to the same thing: you should be bold, live life to its fullest, and ignore death; because if you spend your life anticipating it, you would have missed out on all the days preceding it. It is better to experience one moment fully than to live a whole life incompletely, which is what a man of true Epicurean and Dionysian nature would do. On the final page of the novel there is a striking manifestation of Zorba’s Epicurean and Dionysian nature. After speaking his last words, Zorba â€Å"brushed us all roughly aside, jumped up out of bed and went to the window. There, he gripped the frame, looked out far into the white mountains, opened wide his eyes and began to laugh, then to whinny like a horse. It was thus, standing, with his nails dug into the window frame, that death came to him. † (310) Even on his deathbed Zorba does what he felt like in the moment. Until the very end, Zorba fights against death by using his last strength to go to the window and passes away while looking out at the beauty of life. He dies strong, not weak; standing with his nails dug into the window frame and looking out with wide-open eyes create imagery of Zorba refusing death and laughing is seldom associated with a dying person. This underlines his particular temperament, to the end Zorba commits to the Epicurean and Dionysian values of total engagement in life. Zorba explains his use of dance as a tool to liberate himself, he says â€Å"Whenever I feel I’m choking with some emotion†¦I dance. And I feel better! † (72) To Zorba dance is an outlet for the emotions too intense to be expressed using words. He uses dance when he is in complete ecstasy, for example upon hearing Boss’ intentions for his enterprise in Crete; or when his negative emotions are too great to cope with, such as the grief over the death of his son. Zorba portrays the Dionysian way by choosing dance as his preferred medium of expression, since language is an inadequate tool for expressing his most extreme feelings. Zorba also uses dance to narrate what he is unable to say. When he was in Russia, he knew very little Russian and could not tell his story to a man who only spoke the language, so he danced it. â€Å"I danced my misfortunes; my travels; how many times I’d been married; the trades I’d learned †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (73) Since they are unable to communicate using words they found an alternative which allows both of them to explore deeper into the other’s story. Words are merely created by rational thought, whereas movement is something that is native to the body. This is a concept Dionysus personified. The emotions Zorba expresses through dance are too intense and insane to be expressed in words, which lead to the notion that Zorba gives his emotion free reign; he allows his emotions to control his dance and consequently also allows them to control his actions. Boss described Zorba’s dancing as â€Å" a soul†¦struggling to carry away his flesh† (70) and he fears that â€Å"Zorba might disappear into the clouds. (71) Zorba’s dance is so passionate that boss used heavenly imagery to describe it, since it is out of this world. The way Zorba throws himself into dance shows how he lives in the moment because to him there is no wrong time to dance; no matter the situation, he dances because he feels it is what he needs to do. Zorba plays the santuri for similar reasons as dancing. â€Å"I play the santuri and it cheers me up. When I’m playing, you can’t talk to me, I can’t hear and even if I hear, I can’t speak. (12) Zorba plays the santuri when he experiences great happiness or pain; since he is unable to hear or speak this shows how deeply rooted his emotions are, this leads us back to the concept of giving your emotions free reign. The reason why he cannot speak when playing the santuri is because he plays it when his emotions are too great to express using words, he simply cannot find the correct words to say and believes that he is saying it all with the music; this is a very Epicurean quality. His personification of the santuri shows his deep respect and love for it. He says â€Å"it doesn’t want to†¦ we mustn’t force it† (77) when Boss asks him to play something. He treats it like a woman, â€Å"†¦They drew out an old santuri†¦ those big fingers caressed it, slowly, passionately, all over as if caressing a woman† (13) These quote displays the deep love Zorba has for the musical instrument; they illustrate how Zorba treats it, as sensually as if it were a conscious being. His respect for the santuri demonstrates how highly he values it. Upon elaboration this also means that he deeply values music, and music is an important aspect of Dionysian life. Epicureanism deems active enjoyment as life’s highest good and disregards death. Dionysianism believes in giving emotions free reign and highly value music and dance. Zorba exemplifies these concepts through his expression of emotion, love of the santuri and dance, tendency to live in the moment, and by challenging death. Nikos Kazantzakis’ incarnation of Epicurean and Dionysian values in Zorba the Greek allows the reader to gain a better understanding of these concepts. Epicureanism and Dionysianism are two separate philosophical ideas that have greatly influenced Nikos Kazantzakis in his writing.